Modelling the Behaviour of U.S. Inventories: A Cointegration-Euler Approach

نویسندگان

  • Charleen Adam
  • Victor Collins
  • Scott Hendry
  • Marianne Johnson
  • Maral Kichian
  • Peter Thurlow
  • Chris Lavigne
چکیده

Cyclical contractions are often referred to as inventory cycles, in part because movements in inventories can amplify cyclical fluctuations in output. An unanticipated slowing in demand generally leads to an unintended buildup of inventories: only with a lag do firms adjust production and their actual holding of inventories relative to the desired level. A possible explanation for this accumulation is that the costs of adjusting inventory holdings outweigh the disequilibrium costs, i.e., the cost of temporarily deviating from the equilibrium level of inventories. In this paper, the relative importance of the disequilibrium costs to adjustment costs of inventories is evaluated. An estimate of the rate of inventory adjustment towards its long-run equilibrium level is provided in the United States by means of a linear-quadratic model with integrated processes. A limited-information approach allows the time-series properties of the data to be exploited and consistent estimates of the structural parameters of the Euler equation obtained. Evidence is provided that the actual level of U.S. inventories was generally above the target level during the past six recession periods and that inventories fell below their desired level following an economic downturn. Furthermore, the actual level of inventories appears to have been at desired levels between the 1960 and the 1969-70 recessions and since the last recession in 1990–1991—two periods of sustained economic growth. These findings support the view that inventory imbalances can amplify the business cycle. The empirical estimates also imply that adjustment costs are substantially more important than disequilibrium costs. The estimate of the speed of adjustment suggests that firms adjust their holdings of inventories slowly as it takes about a year for 95 per cent of the adjustment of the actual level to the target level to be completed. Résumé On invoque souvent le cycle des stocks pour expliquer le ralentissement conjoncturel de l’activité économique, en partie parce que l’évolution des stocks peut amplifier les fluctuations cycliques de la production. Un fléchissement inattendu de la demande provoque généralement un gonflement involontaire des stocks, les entreprises n’ajustant leur production et le niveau effectif de leurs stocks par rapport au niveau qu’elles souhaitent détenir qu’après un certain temps. Il se pourrait que ce gonflement soit dû au fait que les coûts d’ajustement des stocks sont plus élevés que les « coûts de déséquilibre » (coûts entraînés par un écart temporaire des stocks relativement à leur niveau d’équilibre). L’auteure évalue l’importance relative des coûts de déséquilibre et des coûts d’ajustement des stocks. Elle estime la vitesse à laquelle les stocks s’ajustent vers leur niveau d’équilibre à long terme aux États-Unis à l’aide d’un modèle quadratique linéaire à processus intégrés. La méthode d’estimation à information limitée qu’elle utilise permet d’exploiter les propriétés temporelles des données et d’obtenir des estimations convergentes des paramètres structurels de l’équation d’Euler. Selon les résultats présentés dans l’étude, le niveau effectif des stocks aux États-Unis a été en règle générale supérieur au niveau visé durant les six dernières périodes de récession et il est tombé au-dessous de ce niveau une fois la récession terminée. En outre, les stocks semblent s’être établis au niveau souhaité entre les récessions de 1960 et de 1969–1970 et depuis la dernière récession survenue en 1990–1991 — deux périodes de croissance économique soutenue. Ces résultats appuient l’hypothèse voulant que les déséquilibres des stocks amplifient les fluctuations économiques. Les estimations empiriques indiquent également que les coûts d’ajustement sont nettement supérieurs aux coûts de déséquilibre. S’il faut en croire la vitesse d’ajustement calculée par l’auteure, les entreprises modifient lentement le niveau de leurs stocks. En effet, il leur faut environ un an pour réaliser 95 % de l’ajustement total au niveau souhaité.

برای دانلود رایگان متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Seismic Wave-Field Propagation Modelling using the Euler Method

Wave-field extrapolation based on solving the wave equation is an important step in seismic modeling and needs a high level of accuracy. It has been implemented through a various numerical methods such as finite difference method as the most popular and conventional one. Moreover, the main drawbacks of the finite difference method are the low level of accuracy and the numerical dispersion for l...

متن کامل

Modelling of Stress-Strain Behaviour of Clayey Soils Using Artificial Neural Network

In this research, behaviour of clayey soils under triaxial loading is studied using Neural Network. The models have been prepared to predict the stress-strain behaviour of remolded clays under undrained condition. The advantage of the model developed is that simple parameters such as physical characteristics of soils like water content, fine content, Atterberg limits and so on, are used to mode...

متن کامل

Modelling of Stress-Strain Behaviour of Clayey Soils Using Artificial Neural Network

In this research, behaviour of clayey soils under triaxial loading is studied using Neural Network. The models have been prepared to predict the stress-strain behaviour of remolded clays under undrained condition. The advantage of the model developed is that simple parameters such as physical characteristics of soils like water content, fine content, Atterberg limits and so on, are used to mode...

متن کامل

Numerical Modelling of the Segmental Lining of Underground Structures

There are several methods for analysing the behaviour of underground structures under different loading conditions. Most of these methods have many simplifications; therefore, in some cases, the results are too conservative and a very high safety factor, usually of more than 2 is needed. On the other hand, for stability analysis and the designing of support systems, these methods consider segme...

متن کامل

MULTI FRACTURE/DELAMINATION ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITES SUBJECTED TO IMPACT LOADINGS

A combined finite/ discrete element method is presented for modelling of composite specimens subjected to dynamic/impact loadings. The main task is set on developing an algorithm for simulation of potential bonding and debonding/delamination phenomena during impact or general dynamic loading conditions. In addition, full fracture analysis can also be performed. The proposed approach adopts a ge...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

عنوان ژورنال:

دوره   شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 1997